A few afternoons ago, I watched the signal from TouCans fade from an s9 into the Utah SDR to nothing in a matter of minutes. There was nothing wrong with the rig. I was literally getting to observe the effect the F2 layer has on propagation on twenty meters. Schedule 00:02 UTC/16:02 PST: Almost at S9 into Utah 00:32 UTC/16:32 PST: Running at S9 into Utah 00:36 UTC/16:36 PST: Already down to S5 00:37 UTC/16:37 PST: The signal is all but gone What Happened? Here's the F2 critical frequency, (fof2), along the path to Utah at each of the above time steps. The critical frequency is the maximum frequency that will be reflected straight back down to the ground at any point rather than piercing the ionosphere and propagating out into space. When I say along the path, I mean the value for fof2 reported by GloTEC at that time. GloTEC collects a number of ionospheric data sources and assembles them into a model of what the F2 layer looks like at any location on Earth at a give...
FM modulation is so elegant it almost feels like a magic trick. After finally watching a 1940s U.S. Army Signal Corps training film, I realized just how simple frequency modulation really is—both on transmit and receive. Seeing the LC tank, limiter, and discriminator explained visually made everything click. Even better, that understanding immediately paid off in a modern, practical way: fixing an overly aggressive CW sidetone in my video QSLs using nothing more than an audio limiter. I finally understand FM modulation and it's so simple I'm amazed it wasn't developed first. I found an old US Army signal corp video that describes how both FM transmit and receive work. Audio Modulation I had not understood that modulating the transmit frequency was this simple. It all makes sense now that I see it, but I hadn't considered how simple this could be. The video demonstrates the use of an LC tank circuit to generate the required RF. By placing a a condenser mic in p...